Less underestimaton of excess weight by the categorical than the visual method. Its determinants and feeding practices in Mexican mothers of children aged 2 to 12 years / Menor subestimación del exceso de peso por el método categórico que por el visual. Determinantes y prácticas de alimentación en madres mexicanas de niños de 2 a 12 años

Introduction: perceived body weight refers to the subjectively assessed weight, which may not correspond to the objectively measured weight.Statistics show that 14 % to 83 % of parents misperceive their children’s weight status, with a propensity for underestimation.Objective: we compared the accuracy of the visual versus the categorical method. We also identified factors and feeding practices associatedwith excess weight underestimation.Material and methods: we carried out a cross-sectional study in five states of Mexico with 1,845 mother-child dyads of children aged 2-12years. The mothers were interviewed about weight perception with two methods, visual and categorical. The Child Feeding Questionnaire identifiedmaternal feeding practices. Actual weight and height were categorized according to WHO criteria. Analysis consisted of Cohen’s kappa estimation,multivariate logistic regression, and Mann-Whitney tests.Results: more mothers correctly identified the weight of their children with the categorical than with the visual method (68 % vs 42 %, p <0.0001). The excess weight underestimation was lower (49 % vs 82 %, p < 0.0001) and the degree of agreement was higher with the cate-gorical method (kappa, 0.39 and 0.08). The better results remained regardless of age. Age 2-5 years increased the odds of overweight/obesityunderestimation. Feeding practices differed by weight perception category, child’s age, and method of assessment.Conclusions: the categorical method was more accurate. Recognition of correct weight perception is one of the first actions required forcontrolling childhood overweight/obesity.(AU)

Introducción: la percepción del peso corporal se refiere al peso evaluado subjetivamente, que puede no corresponder al peso medido objeti-vamente. Las estadísticas muestran que entre el 14 % y el 83 % de los padres tienen una percepción inadecuada del estado del peso de sushijos, predominando la subestimación.Objetivo: comparar la precisión del método categórico y la del visual e identificar los factores y prácticas de alimentación asociados a la sub-estimación del exceso de peso.Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en cinco estados de México con 1,845 díadas madre-hijo de niños de 2-11 años. Lasmadres fueron entrevistadas sobre su percepción del peso con un método visual y uno categórico. El Cuestionario de Alimentación Infantil iden-tificó las prácticas de alimentación. El peso y la altura se clasificaron con los criterios de la OMS. Se estimó la kappa de Cohen y se utilizaron laregresión logística multivariada y las pruebas de Mann-Whitney.Resultados: más madres identificaron correctamente el peso de sus hijos con el método categórico que con el visual (68 % vs. 42 %, p <0,0001). La subestimación del exceso de peso fue menor (49 % vs 82 %, p <0,0001) y el grado de concordancia mayor con el método categórico(kappa: 0,39 y 0,08). Los resultados se mantuvieron independientemente de la edad. La edad de 2-5 años aumentó la probabilidad de subestimarel sobrepeso/obesidad. Las prácticas de alimentación difirieron por categoría de percepción del peso, edad del niño y método de evaluación.Conclusiones: el método categórico fue más preciso. El reconocimiento de la correcta percepción del peso constituye una de las primerasacciones para el control del sobrepeso/obesidad infantil.(AU)

Less underestimaton of excess weight by the categorical than the visual method. Its determinants and feeding practices in Mexican mothers of children aged 2 to 12 years.

Introduction: Introduction: perceived body weight refers to the subjectively assessed weight, which may not correspond to the objectively measured weight. Statistics show that 14 % to 83 % of parents misperceive their children's weight status, with a propensity for underestimation. Objective: we compared the accuracy of the visual versus the categorical method. We also identified factors and feeding practices associated with excess weight underestimation. Material and methods: we carried out a cross-sectional study in five states of Mexico with 1,845 mother-child dyads of children aged 2-12 years. The mothers were interviewed about weight perception with two methods, visual and categorical. The Child Feeding Questionnaire identified maternal feeding practices. Actual weight and height were categorized according to WHO criteria. Analysis consisted of Cohen's kappa estimation, multivariate logistic regression, and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: more mothers correctly identified the weight of their children with the categorical than with the visual method (68 % vs 42 %, p < 0.0001). The excess weight underestimation was lower (49 % vs 82 %, p < 0.0001) and the degree of agreement was higher with the categorical method (kappa, 0.39 and 0.08). The better results remained regardless of age. Age 2-5 years increased the odds of overweight/obesity underestimation. Feeding practices differed by weight perception category, child's age, and method of assessment. Conclusions: the categorical method was more accurate. Recognition of correct weight perception is one of the first actions required for controlling childhood overweight/obesity.

Introducción: Introducción: la percepción del peso corporal se refiere al peso evaluado subjetivamente, que puede no corresponder al peso medido objetivamente. Las estadísticas muestran que entre el 14 % y el 83 % de los padres tienen una percepción inadecuada del estado del peso de sus hijos, predominando la subestimación. Objetivo: comparar la precisión del método categórico y la del visual e identificar los factores y prácticas de alimentación asociados a la subestimación del exceso de peso. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en cinco estados de México con 1,845 díadas madre-hijo de niños de 2-11 años. Las madres fueron entrevistadas sobre su percepción del peso con un método visual y uno categórico. El Cuestionario de Alimentación Infantil identificó las prácticas de alimentación. El peso y la altura se clasificaron con los criterios de la OMS. Se estimó la kappa de Cohen y se utilizaron la regresión logística multivariada y las pruebas de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: más madres identificaron correctamente el peso de sus hijos con el método categórico que con el visual (68 % vs. 42 %, p < 0,0001). La subestimación del exceso de peso fue menor (49 % vs 82 %, p <0,0001) y el grado de concordancia mayor con el método categórico (kappa: 0,39 y 0,08). Los resultados se mantuvieron independientemente de la edad. La edad de 2-5 años aumentó la probabilidad de subestimar el sobrepeso/obesidad. Las prácticas de alimentación difirieron por categoría de percepción del peso, edad del niño y método de evaluación. Conclusiones: el método categórico fue más preciso. El reconocimiento de la correcta percepción del peso constituye una de las primeras acciones para el control del sobrepeso/obesidad infantil.

Efecto del Programa de Estabilización Nutricional "ESNUT" en el consumo alimenticio, IMC, composición corporal y actividad física en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos / Effect of the "ESNUT" Nutritional Stabilization Program on food consumption, BMI, body composition and physical activity in Mexican university students

INTRODUCCIÓN: La encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en México (ENSANUT-2018) señala que existe un 38.4% de sobrepeso/obesidad en la población entre 10-24 años, lo que favorece las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT). En jóvenes universitarios los factores que mayormente contribuyen son la alimentación y la actividad física inadecuadas. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención (Programa de Estabilización Nutricional "ESNUT") en la composición corporal, índice de masa corporal, nivel de actividad física, consumo de energía y macronutrientes en estudiantes universitarios de nuevo ingreso. MÉTODOS: Diseño. Cuasiexperimental con seguimiento, de agosto de 2017 a mayo de 2018 en un Centro de Salud Universitario (CSU). Población. Estudiantes de 17 a 21 años (ambos sexos), sin condiciones de salud, gestación, lactancia, deporte de alto rendimiento o patología que impactaran en el estado nutricional, que firmaron el consentimiento informado. Los grupos experimental (GE, n=23) y control (GC, n=35) se conformaron por asignación aleatoria y ciego sencillo. Variables. Independiente: Programa ESNUT. Dependientes: Kilocalorías (Kcal), macronutrientes, masa grasa (%MG), masa músculo-esquelética (%MME), índice de masa corporal (lMC) y nivel de actividad física (NAF). Instrumentos: Bioimpedanciómetro Inbody 230; estadímetro digital SECA 274; Encuesta de nivel de actividad física (NAF); Recordatorio de 24 horas (R24), réplicas plásticas de alimentos. Análisis. Estadística descriptiva, U de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, ANOVA, t de student y r de Pearson, con significancia p≤0.05. RESULTADOS: El 50% del GE padecía SP/OB. Mejoró la adecuación de ingesta energética y de macronutrientes, se redujo %MG, se incrementó %MME y NAF. DISCUSIÓN: El SP/OB y bajo peso decrementaron, asociados a mejoras dietética y de NAF, similarmente a intervenciones educativo-nutricionales efectivas en la prevención de malnutrición y por consiguiente de ECNT en universitarios latinoamericanos. CONCLUSIONES: El programa "ESNUT" tuvo efecto de mejora en la ingesta, composición corporal y NAF. Deben fomentarse estilos de vida saludables en el ámbito universitario

INTRODUCTION: According to the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT), overweight/obesity was 38.4% in the population between 10-24 years of age in Mexico, which bolsters chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD). In university students, inadequate diet and physical activity contribute to this. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the Nutritional Stabilization Program "ESNUT" on body composition, BodyMass Index, energy and macronutrient intakes and on the level of physical activity in new university students. METHODS: Design. Quasi-experimental with follow-up carried out from August 2017 to May 2018 in a University Health Center (CSU). Population. Students of both sexes, from 17 to 21 years old, non-pregnant, lactation, high-performance sports, pathology or health condition impacting their nutritional status, who signed the informed consent. The experimental (EG, n=23) and control (CG, n=35) groups were made up of randomized and single-blind allocation. Variables Independent: ESNUT Program. Dependent: Kilocalories (Kcal) and macronutrients, fat mass (%FM), musculoskeletal mass(% MM), body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level (PAL). Instruments: Inbody 230 Bioimpedance Meter; SECA274 digital stadiometer; PAL survey; 24-hour reminder (R24) and plastic food replicas. Analysis. Descriptive statistics and tests: Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U ranges, ANOVA, student's tand Pearson's r, with significance p≤0.05. RESULTS: 50% GE suffered from OW/OB. The adequacy of energy and micronutrients, intake improved,% FM was reduced, % MM and PAL increased. DISCUSSION: OW/OB and low weight were reduced associated with improvements in diet and PAL, similarly to effective educational-nutritional interventions in the prevention of malnutrition and, consequently, of CNCD in Latin American university students. CONCLUSIONS: The "ESNUT" program had an improvement effect on intake, body composition and PAL. Healthy lifestyles should be promoted in the university setting

Level and Noise Sources in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Reference Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the level of environmental and periauricular noise in preterm babies and identify the sources generating noise in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -NICU- of a reference hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. METHODS: Cross-sectional and analytic study of the measurement of the level of environmental noise in five critical areas of the NICU, according with the method of measurement of noise from fixed sources by the Mexican Official Norm and periauricular at 20 cm from the preterm patient's pinna. The measurements were carried out during three representative days of a week, morning, evening and nocturnal shifts. A STEREN 400 sound level meter was used with 30 to 130 dB range of measurement and a rate of 0.5 s. RESULTS: The average level of periauricular noise (64.5±1.91dB) was higher than the environmental noise (63.3±1.74 dB) during the days and shifts evaluated. The principal noise sources were activities carried out by the staff, like the nursing change of shift and conversations by the staff, which raised the level continuously or intermittently, operation of vital support equipment (alarms) and incidences (clashing of baby bottles and moving furnishings) produced sudden rises of noise. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental and periauricular noise in NICU exceeds by two and almost three times the 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night from the norm in hospitals. It is necessary to implement permanent noise reduction programs to prevent sequelae in the preterm infant and professional burnout in the nursing staff.

Level and Noise Sources in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Reference Hospital

Objective. Determine the level of environmental and periauricular noise in preterm babies and identify the sources generating noise in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -NICU- of a reference hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Methods. Cross-sectional and analytic study of the measurement of the level of environmental noise in five critical areas of the NICU, according with the method of measurement of noise from fixed sources by the Mexican Official Norm and periauricular at 20 cm from the preterm patient's pinna. The measurements were carried out during three representative days of a week, morning, evening and nocturnal shifts. A STEREN 400 sound level meter was used with 30 to 130 dB range of measurement and a rate of 0.5 s. Results. The average level of periauricular noise (64.5±1.91dB) was higher than the environmental noise (63.3±1.74 dB) during the days and shifts evaluated. The principal noise sources were activities carried out by the staff, like the nursing change of shift and conversations by the staff, which raised the level continuously or intermittently, operation of vital support equipment (alarms) and incidences (clashing of baby bottles and moving furnishings) produced sudden rises of noise. Conclusions. Environmental and periauricular noise in NICU exceeds by two and almost three times the 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night from the norm in hospitals. It is necessary to implement permanent noise reduction programs to prevent sequelae in the preterm infant and professional burnout in the nursing staff

Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de ruido ambiental y periauricular en prematuros e identificar las fuentes generadoras de ruido en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales -UCIN- de un hospital de referencia de San Luis Potosí, México. Métodos. Estudio transversal y analítico de la medición del nivel de ruido ambiental en cinco áreas críticas de la UCIN de acuerdo al método de medición de ruido de fuentes fijas de la Norma Oficial Mexicana y periauricular a 20 cm del pabellón auricular del prematuro. Las mensuraciones se realizaron en tres días representativos de una semana, turnos matutino, vespertino y nocturno. Se utilizó un sonómetro STEREN 400 con rango de medición de 30 a 130 dB y una frecuencia de 0.5 s. Resultados. El promedio del nivel de ruido periauricular (64.5±1.91dB) fue mayor que el ambiental (63.3±1.74 dB) en los días y turnos evaluados. Las principales fuentes de ruido fueron las actividades realizadas por el personal como entrega de turno de enfermería y conversación del personal que elevó el nivel de manera continua o intermitente, el funcionamiento del equipo de soporte vital (alarmas) e incidencias (choque de biberones y mover mobiliario) produjeron elevaciones súbitas de ruido. Conclusiones. El ruido ambiental y periauricular en UCIN sobrepasa al doble y casi al triple los 45 dB en el día y 35 dB por la noche de la normativa en hospitales. Es necesario implementar programas permanentes de reducción de ruido para prevenir secuelas en el prematuro y desgaste profesional en el personal de enfermería.

Objetivo. Determinar o nível de ruído ambiental e periatrial em bebês prematuros e identificar as fontes geradoras de ruído na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal -UTIN- de um hospital de referência em San Luis Potosí, México. Métodos. Estudo transversal e analítico da medição do nível de ruído ambiental em cinco áreas críticas da UTIN de acordo com o método de medição de ruído de fontes fixas do Padrão Oficial Mexicano e periauricular a 20 cm da orelha do prematuro. As medições foram realizadas em três dias representativos da semana, turnos matutinos, vespertino e noturno. Foi utilizado um medidor de nível de som STEREN 400 com faixa de medição de 30 a 130 dB e frequência de 0.5 s. Resultados. O nível médio de ruído periatrial (64.5±1.91 dB) foi superior ao ruído ambiente (63.3±1.74 dB) nos dias e turnos avaliados. As principais fontes de ruído foram as atividades realizadas pela equipe, como entrega do plantão de enfermagem e conversas com a equipe que aumentavam o nível de forma contínua ou intermitente, o funcionamento do equipamento de suporte de vida (alarmes) e incidentes (choque de mamadeira e movimentação de móveis) produziu picos repentinos de ruído. Conclusões. O ruído ambiental e periatrial na UTIN é mais do que o dobro e quase o triplo dos 45 dB diurnos e 35 dB noturnos dos regulamentos dos hospitais. Faz-se necessária a implantação de programas permanentes de redução de ruído para prevenir sequelas em prematuros e esgotamento profissional na equipe de enfermagem.

Representations by Caregivers, Teachers, and Children on Food, Nutrition, Health, and School Breakfast Contributions for the "ESNUT" Nutritional Stabilization Program / Representaciones de cuidadores, profesores y niños sobre alimentación, nutrición, salud y desayunos escolares / Representações de cuidadores, professores e crianças sobre alimentação, nutrição, saúde e café da manhã escolares

Objective.This work sought to determine the social representations conferred by caregivers, teachers, and children to food, health, and nutrition and the school breakfast program for children from three to seven years of age in the city of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, through identifying a) knowledge and practices and b) meanings attributed on health and nutrition of children from three to seven years of age and on the school breakfast program. Methods. This was a qualitative health study. The sample included 33 mothers, 3 grandmothers, 1 father, 30 children from 3 to 7 years of age, and 8 teachers who signed an informed consent. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview and treated through content analysis modality thematic analysis. Results. The analysis yielded the categories: knowledge on food, the health-feeding relation, customs and practices of the child's feeding, and meanings of the school breakfast program. Conclusion. On the reflection on the representations of the different players included in the school breakfast program, elements become manifest that would support an educational intervention by nursing, which would have to be based on the family as the central figure to provide good nutrition and teach good habits.

Objetivo.Determinar las representaciones sociales atribuidas por cuidadores, profesores y niños a la alimentación, salud y nutrición, así como al programa de desayunos escolares para niños de tres a siete años en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México, mediante la identificación de saberes y prácticas, por un lado, y de los significados atribuidos a la salud y nutrición de los niños de tres a siete años y al Programa de Desayunos Escolares, por otro. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo en salud. Muestra de 33 madres, 3 abuelas, 1 padre, 30 niños de 3 a 7 años y 8 profesores. Todos firmaron consentimiento informado. Los datos se recolectaron mediante una entrevista semi-estructurada y se trataron mediante análisis de contenido modalidad análisis temático. Resultados. Del análisis emergieron las categorías: saberes sobre alimentación, la relación salud-alimentación, costumbres y prácticas de la alimentación del niño y significados del programa de desayunos escolares. Conclusión. En la reflexión sobre las representaciones de los diferentes actores que se incluyen en el programa de desayunos escolares se ponen de manifiesto elementos que apoyarían una intervención educativa de enfermería que tendría que estar fundamentada en la familia como figura central para otorgar una alimentación adecuada -sana- y para enseñar buenos hábitos.

Objetivo.Determinar as representações sociais atribuídas por cuidadores, professores e crianças na alimentação, saúde e nutrição e programa de café da manhã escolares para crianças de três a sete anos na cidade de San Luis Potosí, México, através de: a) Identificar os saberes e práticas b) Significados atribuídos sobre saúde e nutrição das crianças de três a sete anos e sobre o Programa de Café da Manhã Escolares. Métodos. Estudo qualitativo em saúde. Amostra de 33 mães, 3 avós, 1 pai, 30 crianças de 3 a 7 anos e 8 professores que assinaram consentimento informado. Os dados se coletaram mediante uma entrevista semiestruturada e foram tratados mediante análise de conteúdo modalidade análise temático. Resultados. Da análise emergiram as categorias: saberes sobre alimentação, a relação saúde-alimentação, costumes e práticas da alimentação da criança e significados do programa de café da manhã escolares. Conclusão. Na reflexão sobre as representações dos diferentes atores que se incluíram no programa de café da manhã escolares se põem de manifesto elementos que apoiariam uma intervenção educativa de enfermagem que teria que estar fundamentada na família como figura central para outorgar a boa alimentação e para ensinar bons hábitos.

Representations by Caregivers, Teachers, and Children on Food, Nutrition, Health, and School Breakfast Contributions for the "ESNUT" Nutritional Stabilization Program.

OBJECTIVE: This work sought to determine the social representations conferred by caregivers, teachers, and children to food, health, and nutrition and the school breakfast program for children from three to seven years of age in the city of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, through identifying a) knowledge and practices and b) meanings attributed on health and nutrition of children from three to seven years of age and on the school breakfast program. METHODS: This was a qualitative health study. The sample included 33 mothers, 3 grandmothers, 1 father, 30 children from 3 to 7 years of age, and 8 teachers who signed an informed consent. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview and treated through content analysis modality thematic analysis. RESULTS: The analysis yielded the categories: knowledge on food, the health-feeding relation, customs and practices of the child's feeding, and meanings of the school breakfast program. CONCLUSION: On the reflection on the representations of the different players included in the school breakfast program, elements become manifest that would support an educational intervention by nursing, which would have to be based on the family as the central figure to provide good nutrition and teach good habits.

Predictores de la percepción materna del peso del hijo con sobrepeso-obesidad / Predictors of Maternal Perception about Weight of her Child with Overweight-Obesity

Se identificaron predictores de la percepción materna del peso del hijo (PMPH) con sobrepeso - obesidad (SP- OB). Participaron 2.874 madres e hijos, residentes en el Noreste de México; 951 tenían un hijo con SP-OB. La PMPH se evaluó por palabras (PP) y por imágenes (PI). Por PP 63.71% y 74.9% de madres de hijos con SP-OB no percibieron adecuadamente el peso del hijo y por PI, 27% y 10.99%. Mediante regresión logística, el modelo para PP fue χ² = 152.05, gl = 9, p = 0.001, varianza explicada 21.5% y para PI fue χ² = 192.35, gl = 9, p = 0.001, varianza explicada 31.9%. Edad del hijo y si el médico informa de SP en el niño/a, fueron variables que contribuyeron a los modelos. Se concluye que las madres de niños con SP-OB no perciben de forma adecuada esta situación. Se resalta la importancia de informar respecto al SP-OB del hijo.

Several predictors of a maternal perception of her child's weight (MPCW) when the child is overweigh-obese (OW-OB) were identified. Participants: 2,842 mothers and children who reside in Mexico's northeastern region, 951 mothers had an OW-OB child. The MPCW was evaluated for words (PW) and images (PI). PW, 63.71% and 74.9% of the mothers with an OW-OB child, did not perceive the child's weight adequately and PI, 27% and 10.99%. Through Logistic Regression Analysis, a model for PW was χ² = 152.05, gl = 9, p = 0.001, 21.5% explained variance; and for PI χ² = 192.35, gl = 9, p = 0.001, 31.9% explained variance. The child's age, a doctor's report that the child had OW, were some variables that contributed to the models. We concluded that mothers with OW-OB children do not adequately perceive this situation. We emphasize the importance of reporting of a child's OW-OB condition.

[Maternal actions and problems in managing the child's weight and their association with the maternal perception of the weight and age of her child]. / Acciones y problemas maternos para manejar el peso del hijo de acuerdo a la percepción materna del peso y edad del hijo.

INTRODUCTION: To properly perceive the child's weight may influence the mother to start up changes to prevent and manage overweight problems. OBJECTIVES: 1) To assess whether the actions and problems to manage the child's weight are different according to the nutritional status and the perception on the child's weight; and 2) to assess whether the actions and problems are different according to the child's age. METHODS: 2840 mothers and sons/daughters (age 2-17 years) from North-eastern Mexico participated. The mothers answered: a) I feel my child is overweighted? b) What have you done to manage your son's / daughter's weight? and c) What are the problems? The children's weight and height were measured. Contingency tables were constructed and the Chi squared test was applied. RESULTS: When the mothers of children with overweight/ obesity properly perceive this situation, dietrelated actions are taken (62.0% and 65.6%) (X(2) = 307.02, gl = 9, p < .001) and the problems are recognized (26.2% and 43.7%) (X(2) = 131.46, gl = 6, p < .001). The mothers of children in 1st to 6th grade are more prone to take actions (51.2%) (X(2) = 44.78, gl = 9, p < .001) and recognize more problems (21.8%) (X(2) = 61.74, gl = 6, p < .001) CONCLUSIONS: When the problems related with the child's weigh are recognized, actions are undertaken and the problems are recognized. Interventions are recommended for properly recognizing overweight/obesity and providing information on diet-related actions.

Introducción: Percibir de forma adecuada el peso del hijo puede influir para que la madre inicie cambios para prevenir y tratar los problemas de peso. Objetivos: 1) Evaluar si las acciones y problemas para manejar el peso del hijo son diferentes de acuerdo al estado nutricional y percepción del peso del hijo y 2) Evaluar si las acciones y problemas son diferentes de acuerdo a edad del hijo. Métodos: Participaron 2840 madres e hijos (2 a 17 años) del Noreste de México. Las madres contestaron: a) ¿Creo que mi hijo esta?, b) ¿Qué ha hecho para manejar el peso de su hijo? y c) ¿Cuáles son los problemas? Se midió peso y talla del hijo. Se construyeron tablas de contingencia y se aplicó la prueba de Chi-cuadrada. Resultados: Cuando las madres de hijos con sobrepesoobesidad perciben de forma adecuada esta situación realizan acciones relacionadas con la dieta (62,0% y 65,6%) (2 = 307,02, gl = 9, p < ,001) y reconocen problemas (26,2% y 43,7%) (2 = 131,46, gl = 6, p < ,001). Las madres de hijos de 1º a 6º grado realizan acciones en mayor proporción 51,2% (2 = 44,78, gl = 9, p < ,001) y señalan más problemas 21,8% (2 = 61,74, gl = 6, p < ,001) Conclusiones: Cuando se perciben los problemas de peso del hijo, se realizan acciones y se reconocen problemas. Se recomiendan intervenciones para percibir de forma adecuada el sobrepeso-obesidad y porporcionar información de acciones relacionadas a la dieta.

Acciones y problemas maternos para manejar el peso del hijo de acuerdo a la percepción materna del peso y edad del hijo / Maternal actions and problems in managing the child’s weight and their association with the maternal percepcion of the weight and age of her child

Introducción: Percibir de forma adecuada el peso del hijo puede influir para que la madre inicie cambios para prevenir y tratar los problemas de peso. Objetivos: 1) Evaluar si las acciones y problemas para manejar el peso del hijo son diferentes de acuerdo al estado nutricional y percepción del peso del hijo y 2) Evaluar si las acciones y problemas son diferentes de acuerdo a edad del hijo. Métodos: Participaron 2840 madres e hijos (2 a 17 años) del Noreste de México. Las madres contestaron: a) ¿Creo que mi hijo esta?, b) ¿Qué ha hecho para manejar el peso de su hijo? y c) ¿Cuáles son los problemas? Se midió peso y talla del hijo. Se construyeron tablas de contingencia y se aplicó la prueba de Chi-cuadrada. Resultados: Cuando las madres de hijos con sobrepeso-obesidad perciben de forma adecuada esta situación realizan acciones relacionadas con la dieta (62,0% y 65,6%) (X2 = 307,02, gl = 9, p < ,001) y reconocen problemas (26,2% y 43,7%) (X2 = 131,46, gl = 6, p < ,001). Las madres de hijos de 1º a 6º grado realizan acciones en mayor proporción 51,2% (X2 = 44,78, gl = 9, p < ,001) y señalan más problemas 21,8% (X2 = 61,74, gl = 6, p < ,001) Conclusiones: Cuando se perciben los problemas de peso del hijo, se realizan acciones y se reconocen problemas. Se recomiendan intervenciones para percibir de forma adecuada el sobrepeso-obesidad y porporcionar información de acciones relacionadas a la dieta (AU)

Introduction: To properly perceive the child's weight may influence the mother to start up changes to prevent and manage overweight problems. Objectives: 1) To assess whether the actions and problems to manage the child's weight are different according to the nutritional status and the perception on the child's weight; and 2) to assess whether the actions and problems are different according to the child's age. Methods: 2840 mothers and sons/daughters (age 2-17 years) from North-eastern Mexico participated. The mothers answered: a) I feel my child is overweighted? b) What have you done to manage your son's / daughter's weight? and c) What are the problems? The children's weight and height were measured. Contingency tables were constructed and the Chi squared test was applied. Results: When the mothers of children with overweight/obesity properly perceive this situation, dietrelated actions are taken (62.0% and 65.6%) (X2 = 307.02, gl = 9, p < .001) and the problems are recognized (26.2% and 43.7%) (X2 = 131.46, gl = 6, p < .001). The mothers of children in 1st to 6th grade are more prone to take actions (51.2%) (X2 = 44.78, gl = 9, p < .001) and recognize more problems (21.8%) (X2 = 61.74, gl = 6, p < .001) Conclusions: When the problems related with the child's weigh are recognized, actions are undertaken and the problems are recognized. Interventions are recommended for properly recognizing overweight/obesity and providing information on diet-related actions (AU)

The hospitalized preterm newborn: The significance of parents' participation in the Neonatal Unit / O neonato prematuro hospitalizado: significado da participacao na Unidade Neonatal para os pais / El neonato prematuro hospitalizado: significado para los padres de su participacion en la Unidad Neonatal

OBJECTIVE: to identify and analyze the significance of participation for parents in a Neonatal Unit (NU) of a maternity hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. METHOD: a qualitative study with 20 parents of both sexes, between 18 and 39 years of age, with a preterm hospitalized child. A content analysis using a thematic approach was used for information processing. RESULTS: the significance of: a) the NICU as a place of suffering and waiting, b) dealing with the child's admittance, c) being excluded from the hospitalized child's care and d) being aware of inadequacies in the child's care. CONCLUSION: parents deal with their suffering and experience barriers that impede their participation; they respond to the medical hierarchy that limits participation, even when it goes against their natural role as parents. The caregiving philosophy needs to be transformed so that parents are considered people with the right to participate and to be competent in caring for their child. .

OBJETIVO: identificar e analisar os significados que têm a participação na unidade neonatal para os pais, num hospital/maternidade de San Luis Potosí, México. MÉTODO: estudo qualitativo, realizado com 20 pais, de ambos os sexos e com idade entre 18 e 39 anos, baseado no referencial participação dos pais no cuidado do filho prematuro hospitalizado. Para o tratamento da informação, foi realizada análise de conteúdo, na sua modalidade temática. RESULTADOS: os significados encontrados foram: a) a unidade neonatal como espaço de sofrimento e de espera; b) enfrentando a internação do filho; c) sendo excluído do cuidado do filho hospitalizado; d) percebendo-se sem competências para o cuidado do filho. CONCLUSÃO: os pais enfrentam o seu sofrimento, encontram barreiras que lhes impedem participar e, ao se assumirem como estando abaixo da hierarquia médica, sua participação torna-se ainda mais limitada, mesmo no seu papel natural de pais. É necessário transformar a filosofia assistencial, com base na concepção dos pais como indivíduos com direito a participar e a serem competentes no cuidado do filho. .

OBJETIVO: identificar y analizar los significados para los padres de su participación en una unidad neonatal de un hospital/maternidad en San Luis Potosí, México. MÉTODO: estudio cualitativo con 20 padres de ambos sexos, entre 18 y 39 años, basado en referencial participación de los padres con hijo prematuro hospitalizado. Se utilizó análisis de contenido modalidad análisis temático para tratamiento de la información. RESULTADOS: los significados: a) la unidad neonatal como un espacio de sufrimiento y espera b) afrontando el internamiento del hijo c) siendo excluido del cuidado del hijo hospitalizado d) descubriéndose sin competencias para el cuidado del hijo. CONCLUSIÓN: los padres afrontan su sufrimiento y experiencian barreras que les impide la participación, se asumen bajo la jerarquía médica limitando su participación aún contra su rol natural como padres. Se requiere transformar la filosofía asistencial concibiendo a los padres como personas con derecho de participar y ser competentes en el cuidado del hijo. .

The hospitalized preterm newborn: the significance of parents' participation in the Neonatal Unit.

OBJECTIVE: to identify and analyze the significance of participation for parents in a Neonatal Unit (NU) of a maternity hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. METHOD: a qualitative study with 20 parents of both sexes, between 18 and 39 years of age, with a preterm hospitalized child. A content analysis using a thematic approach was used for information processing. RESULTS: the significance of: a) the NICU as a place of suffering and waiting, b) dealing with the child's admittance, c) being excluded from the hospitalized child's care and d) being aware of inadequacies in the child's care. CONCLUSION: parents deal with their suffering and experience barriers that impede their participation; they respond to the medical hierarchy that limits participation, even when it goes against their natural role as parents. The caregiving philosophy needs to be transformed so that parents are considered people with the right to participate and to be competent in caring for their child.

Neonatal pain relief: Meanings attributed by staff in a Neonatal Unit

Diariamente los neonatos internados en la Unidad Neonatal son expuestos entre 0 a 53 procedimientos, la tercera parte no reciben analgesia aun cuando 12 de ellos son reportados como muy dolorosos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de abordaje cualitativo que tuvo como objetivo aprender los significados para el equipo de salud acerca del dolor neonatal. A través de un muestreo teórico se entrevistaron 14 profesionales que trabajan en una Unidad Neonatal de un hospital general. Mediante análisis de contenido, modalidad de análisis temático se obtuvieron los significados. Resultados (significados): 1. Causar un dolor necesario 2. Aliviar el dolor del neonato 3. Participación de la madre en el alivio del dolor. Se concluye que para los profesionales de la salud, el dolor neonatal es inherente al tratamiento médico y de enfermería. Las ideas se relacionan con el paradigma de su formación profesional. Es necesario sensibilizarlos para la prevención y manejo del dolor de los neonatos que atienden.

Every day neonates are exposed from 0 to 53 procedures. A third does not receive any analgesia even when 12 of the procedures are reported as very painful. We conducted a descriptive study of qualitative approach, using content analysis in the form of thematic analysis. The aim was to discover the meanings of neonatal pain from the health professionals in the Neonatal Unit of regional coverage. Through theoretical sampling, 14 professionals were selected. Results: 1.Causing a necessary pain. 2. Healing pain in the neonate. 3. Mother's participation for pain relief. Conclusions: Neonatal pain is considered inherent in medical treatment and nursing. The ideas of analgesia to newborns admitted in the Neonatal Unit are related to the dominant paradigm in vocational training. It is necessary to educate and sensitize the medical and nursing community regarding the prevention and management of pain in newborns admitted in the Neonatal Unit.

Participação das mães/pais no cuidado ao filho prematuro em unidade neonatal: significados atribuídos pela equipe de saúde de um hospital de San Luis Potosí, México

A participação materna e da família junto ao filho prematuro internado, assume importância fundamental na perspectiva do cuidado humanizado em unidades neonatais. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar e analizar os significados atribuídos pela equipe de saúde acerca da participação das mães/pais no cuidado ao filho hospitalizado e analisar as possibilidades que a equipe aponta para transformar a prática assistencial para favorecer essa participação. Trata-se de estudo com delineamento na abordagem qualitativa. O estudo foi realizado na unidade neonatal do Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", na cidade de San Luis Potosí, México. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas gravadas com 23 profissionais que aceitaram participar do estudo, sendo direcionada por três questões norteadoras. As falas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, modalidade da análise temática. A coleta foi realizada no período de setembro de 2003 a setembro de 2004. Da análise das entrevistas emergiram seis núcleos de sentido: A presença das mães/pais favorece a estabilidade clínica do prematuro e o seu processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento; A participação possibilita a interação mãe-filho e o estabelecimento do vínculo afetivo; A mãe é treinada para a alta do filho; A mãe ajuda a enfermagem nos cuidados do filho hospitalizado; A presença das mães/pais modifica o ambiente da unidade neonatal; Favorecendo a participação das mães/pais: obstáculos e sugestões. Concluiu-se que a equipe de saúde considera importante esta participação, mas há barreiras decorrentes da inexistência de uma filosofia institucional, de postura, de preparo dos profissionais, assim como, deficiências de infra-estrutura física e de recursos humanos. ...